Competition law and policy will only achieve their objectives in terms of enhancing consumer welfare, stimulating competitiveness and contributing to economic development, if they are complied with by all business actors. Given the importance of effective enforcement, this session is dedicated to the implementation of competition law and policy, in particular to appropriate sanctions and remedies and judicial review of competition cases.

Appropriate sanctions and remedies are necessary to ensure compliance with competition law provisions. Comparative research shows that a great array of sanctions and remedies exists across different competition law systems. Taking into account the political and economic reality in developing countries, the following questions arise:

• Are criminal sanctions an appropriate tool for competition law enforcement in developing countries?
• How to set the appropriate level of fines?
• How to ensure compliance with remedies and sanctions in competition cases?

As a requirement of the rule of law, judicial review of competition cases ensures that competition authorities do not misuse their powers and independence. The design of judicial review systems varies significantly between countries. However, certain challenges appear to impact on the effectiveness of judicial review in a number of young competition law regimes. Against this background, delegates may want to discuss the following questions:

• How to deal with the challenges resulting from an insufficient number of qualified judges to handle competition cases?
• How to ensure that the length of the appeal process does not render vein the initial decision in a competition case?